Batchelor HK, Marriott JF. Formulations for children: problems and solutions. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2015;79(3):405-18
European Medicines Agency Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use. Guideline on pharmaceutical development of medicines for paediatric use. August 2013 EMA/CHMP/QWP/805880/2012 Rev. 2
Mennella JA, Roberts KM, Mathew PS, Reed DR. Children’s perceptions about medicines: individual differences and taste. BMC Pediatrics. 2015;15(130)
Sood R, Ansari S, Clark T, et al. Long-term Efficacy and Safety of Azathioprine in Ulcerative Colitis. J Crohns Colitis. 2015;9(2):191-197
M’Koma AE. Inflammatory Bowel Disease: An Expanding Global Health Problem. Clin Med Insights Gastroenterol. 2013;6:33–47
Sýkora J, Pomahačová R, Kreslová M, et al. Current global trends in the incidence of pediatric-onset inflammatory bowel disease. World J Gastroenterol. 2018; 24(25): 2741–2763
van Riet-Nales DA, Schobben AFAM, Vromans H, et al. Safe and effective pharmacotherapy in infants and preschool children: importance of formulation aspects. Arch Dis Child. 2016;101(7):662-669
Davies EH, Tuleu C. Medicines for children: a matter of taste. J Pediatr. 2008;153(5):599-604, 604.e1-2
Mendoza de Morales T, Sánchez F. Clinical efficacy and safety of a combined loratadine-betamethasone oral solution in the treatment of severe pediatric perennial allergic rhinitis. World Allergy Organ J. 2009;2(4):49-53
Venables R, Batchelor H, Hodson J, et al. Determination of formulation factors that affect oral medicines acceptability in a domiciliary paediatric population. Int J Pharm. 2015;480(1–2):55–62
Cochrane Consumers and Communication Group, Lajoinie A, Janiaud P, et al. Assessing the effects of solid versus liquid dosage forms of oral medications on adherence and acceptability in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;9: CD012783
Ruemmele FM, Veres G, Kolho KL. Consensus guidelines of ECCO/ESPGHAN on the medical management of pediatric Crohn’s disease. J Crohns Colitis. 2014;8(10):1179-207
Sousa P, Estevinho MM, Dias CC, et al. Thiopurines’ Metabolites and Drug Toxicity: A Meta-Analysis. J Clin Med. 2020;9(7):2216
Fang J, Jian C, Weng A, Lin R. Importance of NUDT15 c.415C>T phenotype in treatment of inflammatory bowel disease with azathioprine and occurrence of severe myelosuppression: A case report. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2021;59(7):535-538
Walker GJ, Harrison JW, Heap GA, et al. Association of Genetic Variants in NUDT15 With Thiopurine-Induced Myelosuppression in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease. JAMA. 2019;321(8):773-785
van Rheenen PF, Aloi M, Assa A, et al. The Medical Management of Paediatric Crohn’s Disease: an ECCO-ESPGHAN Guideline Update [published online ahead of print, 2020 Oct 7]. J Crohns Colitis. 2020
Valdez-Acosta S, Zubiaur P, Casado MA, et al. Preemptive TPMT Genotyping and Adherence to Genotype-Based Therapeutic Recommendations Reduces the Healthcare Cost in Patients Receiving Azathioprine or 6-Mercaptopurine for Autoimmune Diseases. J Pers Med. 2023;13(8):1208
Dean L. Azathioprine Therapy and TPMT and NUDT15 Genotype. 2012 [updated 2020]. In: Pratt VM, Scott SA, Pirmohamed M, Esquivel B, Kane MS, Kattman BL, Malheiro AJ, editors. Medical Genetics Summaries [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Center for Biotechnology Information (US); 2012
Singh A, Mahajan R, Kedia S, et al. Use of thiopurines in inflammatory bowel disease: an update. Intest Res. 2022;20:11-30
Elliott I, Mayxay M, Yeuichaixong S, et al. The practice and clinical implications of tablet splitting in international health. Trop Med Int Health. 2014; 19(7): 754–760
Fraser AG, Orchard TR, Jewell DP. The efficacy of azathioprine for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease: a 30 year review Gut 2002;50:485-489
Lamb CA, Kennedy NA, Raine T, et al. British Society of Gastroenterology consensus guidelines on the management of inflammatory bowel disease in adults. Gut. 2019;68:s1-s106
Colombel JF, Sandborn WJ, Reinisch W, et al. Infliximab, Azathioprine, or Combination Therapy for Crohn’s Disease. N Engl J Med. 2010;362(15):1383-95
Panaccione R, Ghosh S, Middleton S, et al. Combination therapy with infliximab and azathioprine is superior to monotherapy with either agent in ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology. 2014;146(2):392-400.e3
Gargallo-Puyuelo CJ, Laredo V, Gomollón F. Thiopurines in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. How to Optimize Thiopurines in the Biologic Era? Front Med. 2021; 8: 681907
Kirchgesner J, Desai RJ, Beaugerie L, et al. Calibrating Real-World Evidence Studies Against Randomized Trials: Treatment Effectiveness of Infliximab in Crohn’s Disease. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 2022;111:179-186